Set-associative cache architecture is a hybrid approach between: In set-associative cache, the cache is divided into multiple sets, and each set contains multiple lines (called ways). Example: 4-way Set Associative…
Cache memory is much smaller than main memory, so not all memory content can be stored in cache at once. Therefore, a specific mapping technique is used to decide where…
Cache memory is a small, fast memory placed between the CPU and main memory (RAM) to store frequently accessed data and instructions. It reduces access time, speeds up execution, and…
Firmware is the first software that runs when power is applied to an embedded system. It helps initialize hardware and boot the operating system or application. Execution Flow Stages: Stage…
IRQ and FIQ Exceptions in ARM Interrupts like IRQ (Interrupt Request) and FIQ (Fast Interrupt Request) are external exceptions that temporarily pause normal program execution to handle important events like…
An interrupt is a mechanism that temporarily pauses the main program execution to respond to important events—like a timer overflow, data from a sensor, or a button press. Types of…
ARM Assembly Code (using ARM syntax): AREA SumProgram, CODE, READONLY ; Define a code section ENTRY ; Mark the entry point of the programSTART MOV R0, #1 ; R0 =…
Register allocation is the process where the compiler decides which local variables of a C function should be kept in CPU registers (for fast access), and which should be kept…
#include <stdio.h> // Function to return the square of a numberint square(int i) {return i * i;} int main() {for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {printf(“Square of…
