Document-based NoSQL databases store data in the form of documents, usually using JSON, BSON, or XML format. Each document is a self-contained unit that can contain nested fields and arrays, making it highly flexible for storing semi-structured data. These systems…
NoSQL stands for “Not Only SQL”. It refers to a class of non-relational database systems designed to handle: NoSQL is widely used in applications like social networks, IoT, real-time analytics, and big data systems. Types of NoSQL Databases Type Description…
Concurrency control is needed to ensure that multiple transactions running simultaneously do not interfere with each other in a way that leads to inconsistencies or data corruption. In a multi-user environment, if two or more transactions access the same data…
A stored procedure is a precompiled group of one or more SQL statements stored in the database. It allows you to encapsulate logic, making database operations reusable, faster, and easier to maintain. Features of Stored Procedures Basic Syntax (MySQL-style) Example:…
Demonstrate the System Log in database transaction Answer:- System Log in Database Transactions A system log is an essential part of DBMS transaction management. It keeps track of all operations performed during transactions, allowing the system to recover from failures…
Demonstrate working of Assertion & Triggers in databases with an example. Assertions Assertions are used to specify additional types of constraints beyond the built-in relational model constraints. In SQL, users can declare these constraints using the CREATE ASSERTION statement in…
Update Anomalies in SQL Update anomalies are problems that arise when data is poorly structured, typically due to redundancy in a database. These issues occur when inserting, updating, or deleting data causes unintended consequences. There are three main types of…
In relational database design, a functional dependency (FD) is a constraint between two sets of attributes from the database. Definition:Let X and Y be sets of attributes in a relation R.Y is functionally dependent on X (written as X →…
Informal guidelines are practical rules used to design high-quality relational schemas that minimize redundancy, avoid anomalies, and ensure data consistency. These guidelines are not strictly based on normal forms, but they help in achieving a good design. 1. Avoid Redundant…
Normalization in DBMS Normalization is a process in database design used to: Normalization involves breaking a database into smaller, well-structured tables using normal forms. 1. First Normal Form (1NF) Rule: Example (Unnormalized Table): RollNo Name Subjects 101 Arun Math, Physics…
